When I talk to women about their health and fitness goals, they almost always tell me they want to get toned. To be clear, having toned muscles means building muscle. However, when we review their habits and routines, most aren’t taking the specific actions necessary to meet the goal of toned muscles. I often say that just because you are holding weights while working out does not mean you are strength training, muscle building, or muscle toning. You must work backward from your goal. If you want to look lean and muscular, there are specific actions you must take to achieve that goal.

Muscle-building exercises are not only for bodybuilders. People with more muscle mass tend to have a higher metabolic rate. Muscles help the body burn more fat than muscle, which can help with weight loss and maintenance. Do you want to age well, maintain and build fitness, be strong and independent, lose fat, and have a lean, muscular body with strong bones and joints? Then strength training and muscle-building exercises are for you!

If you feel like you are working hard in the gym but are not seeing the muscle definition (aka toning) results you desire, consider what you may be missing!

1. Lack of Consistency

To build muscle, most people must consistently lift weights to target all the major muscle groups at least twice weekly. If you frequently miss workouts, you may not be sending the signal to your body to build muscle. It’s like taking one step forward and then one step back—you are never really going anywhere.

If you have trouble staying consistent, try setting a small goal to hit the gym for twenty minutes twice a week. When that becomes a habit, start building to increase the time. It’s not an all-or-nothing choice. If you don’t have time to spend an hour in the gym, it’s ok; it’s better to start with what you can do today and build over time. After all, muscle building is a lifelong endeavor, not a 90-day challenge. God willing, you have plenty of time to improve!

2. Not Focusing on the Appropriate Workouts

To work backward from your goal, you must take the specific actions that will lead you there. For muscle building, that means lifting heavy weights progressively. If all your workouts are HIIT style, then even if you are holding weights while doing it, that type of workout is not sending a muscle-building signal to your body.

HIIT workouts (and cardio workouts in general) are great for cardiovascular fitness and even fat loss goals, provided they are paired with proper recovery. However, if those are the only workouts you are doing, you are likely not building the muscle necessary to get that toned outcome.

3. No Goal or Plan

If you are hitting the gym at least twice a week, congratulations. You are already on the right path to meeting your goals. It is the first step, and you’ve nailed it! But if you walk into the gym without a plan, without notes about what weights, rep scheme, and how many sets you need to do that day, chances are you aren’t consistently providing the necessary stimulus to build muscle. If you are wandering around the gym and choosing your next exercise by what weight or equipment is available without rhyme or reason, you can likely make significant improvements by following a plan and tracking your progress.

4. Adaptation

If you’ve been doing the same exercises, lifting the same weight, and using the same rep scheme for a long time, you may have seen some initial success in the gym, but you’ve likely stalled because your body has adapted to the workout. You haven’t given your body a good reason to build new muscle.

That is why tracking your exercises, weights, reps, and sets is essential. Your weights or reps should change enough that it would be hard for the average person to memorize every detail of every exercise. How can you keep track if you are not writing it down (in an app, on paper, in an Excel spreadsheet)?

Can you squeeze out one more rep with that weight? Is it time to increase the amount of weight in your rep range? Can you decrease the rep range but increase the weight? Can you add another set with the same weight and reps? Can you slow the tempo? There are many ways to progress, but you must keep track. Progressive overload means incrementally increasing some workout aspect, so your body must adapt (get stronger or build muscle). You can do this by increasing weight, increasing reps, increasing sets, decreasing tempo, varying rest periods, or increasing the difficulty of exercise selection.

Of course, don’t attempt to make all those changes at once. See if there is something small you can do each week to make it a bit more challenging than last week. You won’t always be able to, but keeping in mind that the goal is progressive overload will help you maintain focus on this goal. If you keep doing the same workouts repeatedly, your body won’t have a reason to build new muscle. Having a coach can help you make sure you are progressing safely and optimally.

That is also why consistency is important. If you are not consistent, how can you build when you have to start from square one over and over?

5. Not Enough Calories

You need calories to build muscle, plain and simple. If you spend months and years (or an adult lifetime) in a calorie deficit, you may not give your body the necessary calories to build new muscle over time. A low-calorie intake makes it challenging to build muscle after the initial newbie gains. You stop improving in the gym, and you may even go backward. As a sign that you may not be eating enough, you cannot apply the progressive overload I mentioned in the previous point because your body doesn’t have the fuel to do it.

It’s a good idea to cycle in and out of a calorie deficit, to calorie maintenance, and even calorie surplus (of healthy muscle-promoting foods) to give your body the building blocks it needs to build muscle. I know it sounds counterintuitive, but eating enough, potentially more (whatever that means for you), can help you build muscle and look leaner, especially if you’ve been in a calorie deficit for a long time.

6. Not Enough Protein

Your body needs protein to build muscle. For health, longevity, and muscle building, .7 grams to 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight (or goal body weight) is an excellent place to start. Start by tracking to see where you are now. Are you consistently getting less than 100 grams a day as an adult weighing over 125 pounds? Your low protein intake could hold you back from building the desired muscle.

The FDA's requirement for daily protein intake is much lower (50 grams per 2000 calories for sedentary individuals), but that is the protein intake they recommend to prevent poor health outcomes from low protein intake; that recommendation does not consider the protein you need to build muscle and lead a fit and active life.

Protein has so many benefits that if you are low on it, you may see and feel an immediate improvement by increasing your intake. Protein helps you stay satiated between meals and helps you maintain and gain muscle. This becomes especially important if you have a fat loss goal, as you want to prioritize maintaining your muscle tissue as you lose weight.

7. Too Much Alcohol

Profound apologies to my wine-loving friends, but it is worth considering if your alcohol intake is holding you back. When your body processes the alcohol in your system, it takes priority over fat loss and muscle building; it inhibits recovery (see the next point) and, potentially, performance. If you want to enjoy moderate alcohol intake (for women, one drink; men, two) occasionally, it may not have any long-term detrimental effects, but routine alcohol intake could be holding you back from reaching your health and fitness goals.

8. Not Enough Rest and Recovery

If you don’t recover, you don’t improve, and this is especially important when you have a goal to build muscle. You don’t build muscle, improve fitness, lose fat, or get faster during the workout; it all happens during the recovery period. So, if you don’t give your body the time it needs to recover, you cannot build the muscle you want. Rest days (or low-intensity movement) between hard workout sessions or taking at least 48 hours between working the same muscle group is essential for proper recovery. Most adults need at least one full rest and recovery day a week; you may need more if stress or workout intensity levels are high.

It is not just about rest days. Are you sleeping properly? The recommended seven hours of sleep per night is for the average sedentary adult; you may need more if you push yourself hard in the gym. Many recovery processes happen during sleep, so if you cut yourself short, you may be sacrificing results. If you are doing everything correctly but not seeing the desired results, examining the quality and quantity of sleep you get could be a game-changer.

9. Too Much Stress

High-stress loads can inhibit recovery, which, as discussed above, can stall results. If you don’t recover, you don’t improve. Stress can be external, like work demands, interpersonal relationships, or money worries, or internal, like a sustained calorie deficit, intense workouts, or insufficient sleep. It’s hard to progressively overload your workouts when life stress is high. You can’t expect your body to do more with high stress, as intense exercise adds to that stress load and impairs proper recovery. I’ve said it once before, but it bears repeating now…if you don’t recover, you don’t improve.

It’s all connected, so consider how your lifestyle may affect your results. Control what you can control. Are you taking time for yourself to relax and unwind? Are you staying connected to people who love and care for you? Are you sleeping and fueling your body properly? We often can’t control some of the stress in our lives, but learning to deal with it productively can help us manage it so we can recover properly.

I wrote more about managing stress in this blog post.

10. Too Much Emphasis on Scale Weight or Calories Burned

When you work to build muscle, you may find the scale weight stays the same (or even goes up), but your pants size decreases. That happens because a pound of muscle takes up less space in the body than a pound of fat. If your fat decreases by one pound and your muscle tissues increase by one pound, then the scale weight stays the same, but you’ve made great progress toward improving body composition.

Muscles are denser than fat and give your body shape and definition. At the same weight, you can look leaner.

The same goes for calories burned. While your watch or tracking device can give you a rough estimate, it is just that, an estimate—and likely overestimated. If you are only measuring your success by the calories burned, you are likely to stay frustrated because you may not burn as many calories during a weight-lifting session as you do during cardio. In fact, a well-designed strength training workout likely won’t burn many calories during the session but will promote muscle building during the recovery period.

If you are goal-oriented, measuring other factors like recovery, protein intake, consistency with workouts, and progressive overload can help you feel you are progressing even if the scale or calories burned aren’t showing that in the short term. Look at the whole picture, not just one aspect.